Internet-Based Intervention Compared to Brief Intervention for Smoking Cessation in Brazil: Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is still the leading cause of preventable death. Governments and health care providers should make available more accessible resources to help tobacco users stop. OBJECTIVE: This study describes a pilot longitudinal study that evaluated the efficacy of an internet-based intervention compared to the brief intervention for smoking cessation among Brazilians. METHODS: Eligible participants were recruited and randomly allocated to one of the two interventions. Measures were drawn by comparing cessation rates, motivation scores, and sought treatment between groups, assessed 1 and 3 months after the intervention. Inferential analysis was performed to compare the participants' characteristics, and the intention to treat was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 49 smokers were enrolled in this study (n=25, 51% in the brief intervention group; n=24, 49% in the internet-based intervention group). Mean age was 44.5 (SD 13.3) years; most were male (n=29, 59.2%), had elementary school (n=22, 44.9%), smoked 14.5 cigarettes per day on average (SD 8.6), and had a mean score of 4.65 for nicotine dependence and 5.7 for motivation to quit. Moreover, 35 (71%) participants answered follow-up 1, and 19 (39%) answered follow-up 2. The results showed similar rates of cessation and reduction for both intervention groups. CONCLUSIONS: The internet-based intervention was slightly more effective for smoking cessation, while the brief intervention was more effective in reducing the number of cigarettes smoked per day. This difference was small and had no statistical significance even after adjusting for intention-to-treat analysis. These results should be interpreted with caution, especially due to the small sample size.

Phantom sensation and quality of life among patients with lower-limb amputations in the region of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais: a cross-sectional study.

An amputation is an irreversible event that causes social, psychological, and functional consequences that reduces the quality of life of the amputee. Phantom pain generally is reported by 50 to 80% of amputees. OBJECTIVE: To describe the pain and phantom sensation and quality of life among lower-limb amputees. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in the region of Juiz de Fora, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Inclusion criteria were being a patient in one of two hospitals in the region at the time of the interview and having at least one lower-limb amputation. A total of 20 amputees were included in the analysis. The interview questionnaire had items adapted from the Groningen Questionnaire Problems After Leg Amputation - describing the frequency and discomfort of phantom pain and sensation, causes and the level of the amputation, as well as the WHOQOL-BREF, for assessing quality of life. RESULTS: Most participants were women (55%) and had a mean age of 55.6 years (SD=14.8). Femoral amputation was the most prevalent (65%), and diabetes (40%) was the main reason for amputation. 29% of amputees classified the phantom pain as moderate or severe, and 15% claimed daily frequency of this phenomenon. As for phantom pain, only 6% stated daily frequency. The mean quality of life was 4.1 (SD=1.1, five score means very satisfied), the physical domain of quality of life had the lowest mean (3.4, SD=0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Phantom sensation and pain were prevalent among lower-limb amputees who were, in general, less satisfied with their physical domain of quality of life.

A amputação é um procedimento irreversível que gera consequências sociais, psicológicas e funcionais. A dor do membro fantasma ocorre entre 50 e 80% dos amputados, apresentando implicações na qualidade de vida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sensação, dor fantasma e qualidade de vida entre pacientes amputados. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo realizado na região de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os critérios de inclusão foram possuir pelo menos uma amputação de membro inferior e ser paciente de um dos hospitais referência para região. Vinte participantes foram incluídos nas análises. O questionário da pesquisa consistiu em itens, adaptados do Groningen Questionnaire Problems After Leg Amputation, que descrevem frequência e incômodo da sensação fantasma, dor fantasma, causas e nível da amputação, e questões sobre os tratamentos além do questionário qualidade de vida WHOQOL-BREF. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (55%) com idade média de 55,6 (DP=14,8) anos. A maior frequência de amputação foi transfemural (65%), e o principal motivo da amputação foi o diabetes mellitus (40%). Com relação ao incômodo da sensação fantasma, 29% a classificou como moderado ou severa, e 15% alegou frequência diária desse fenômeno. Quanto {a dor fantasma, apenas 6% afirmou frequência diária. A qualidade de vida média dos participantes foi de 4,1 (DP=1,1) em 5 (cinco significa muito satisfeito), de acordo com a primeira questão do WHOQOL-BREF; o domínio físico apresentou a menor média 3,4 (DP=0,7). CONCLUSÃO: A sensação e dor fantasmas foram prevalentes nos entrevistados que apresentaram menor satisfação com o domínio físico da qualidade de vida.

Phantom sensation and quality of life among patients with lower-limb amputations in the region of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais: a cross-sectional study / Qualidade de vida e sensação fantasma em pacientes amputados em membro inferior da região de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT. An amputation is an irreversible event that causes social, psychological, and functional consequences that reduces the quality of life of the amputee. Phantom pain generally is reported by 50 to 80% of amputees. Objective: To describe the pain and phantom sensation and quality of life among lower-limb amputees. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in the region of Juiz de Fora, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Inclusion criteria were being a patient in one of two hospitals in the region at the time of the interview and having at least one lower-limb amputation. A total of 20 amputees were included in the analysis. The interview questionnaire had items adapted from the Groningen Questionnaire Problems After Leg Amputation - describing the frequency and discomfort of phantom pain and sensation, causes and the level of the amputation, as well as the WHOQOL-BREF, for assessing quality of life. Results: Most participants were women (55%) and had a mean age of 55.6 years (SD=14.8). Femoral amputation was the most prevalent (65%), and diabetes (40%) was the main reason for amputation. 29% of amputees classified the phantom pain as moderate or severe, and 15% claimed daily frequency of this phenomenon. As for phantom pain, only 6% stated daily frequency. The mean quality of life was 4.1 (SD=1.1, five score means very satisfied), the physical domain of quality of life had the lowest mean (3.4, SD=0.7). Conclusions: Phantom sensation and pain were prevalent among lower-limb amputees who were, in general, less satisfied with their physical domain of quality of life.

RESUMO. A amputação é um procedimento irreversível que gera consequências sociais, psicológicas e funcionais. A dor do membro fantasma ocorre entre 50 e 80% dos amputados, apresentando implicações na qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Avaliar a sensação, dor fantasma e qualidade de vida entre pacientes amputados. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo realizado na região de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os critérios de inclusão foram possuir pelo menos uma amputação de membro inferior e ser paciente de um dos hospitais referência para região. Vinte participantes foram incluídos nas análises. O questionário da pesquisa consistiu em itens, adaptados do Groningen Questionnaire Problems After Leg Amputation, que descrevem frequência e incômodo da sensação fantasma, dor fantasma, causas e nível da amputação, e questões sobre os tratamentos além do questionário qualidade de vida WHOQOL-BREF. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (55%) com idade média de 55,6 (DP=14,8) anos. A maior frequência de amputação foi transfemural (65%), e o principal motivo da amputação foi o diabetes mellitus (40%). Com relação ao incômodo da sensação fantasma, 29% a classificou como moderado ou severa, e 15% alegou frequência diária desse fenômeno. Quanto {a dor fantasma, apenas 6% afirmou frequência diária. A qualidade de vida média dos participantes foi de 4,1 (DP=1,1) em 5 (cinco significa muito satisfeito), de acordo com a primeira questão do WHOQOL-BREF; o domínio físico apresentou a menor média 3,4 (DP=0,7). Conclusão: A sensação e dor fantasmas foram prevalentes nos entrevistados que apresentaram menor satisfação com o domínio físico da qualidade de vida.

Development and implementation of a brief chat-based intervention to support mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic / Desenvolvimento e implementação de uma intervenção breve via chat para suporte em saúde mental durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Desarrollo e implementación de una intervención breve vía chat para dar apoyo en salud mental durante la pandemia de COVID-19

This paper presents the development and implementation of a brief chat-based intervention for mental health support toward people suffering from the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and Argentina. During the development phase, we proposed a protocol that comprised: 1) screening and needs assessment; 2) health education based on active listening techniques; and 3) referral to available materials and crisis services available (e.g., crisis intervention hotlines). In the implementation phase, we recruited and trained 77 volunteers who provide healthcare chat support for users under the supervision of 20 psychologists. In less than two months, we performed 1.107 sessions. We expect that the healthcare chat support might be a valuable resource during the COVID-19 pandemic, although further studies to assess its feasibility and effectiveness are needed.

Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento e a implementação de uma intervenção breve via chat para suporte em saúde mental voltada para pessoas em sofrimento decorrente do contexto da pandemia de COVID-19, no Brasil e na Argentina. Durante a fase de desenvolvimento, foi proposto um protocolo que inclui: 1) triagem e avaliação de necessidades; 2) educação em saúde com base em técnicas de escuta ativa e 3) encaminhamento de materiais e contatos de serviços especializados ou de urgência disponíveis (ex. linhas diretas de intervenção em crise). Na fase de implementação, foram recrutados e treinados 77 voluntários que oferecem acolhimento em saúde via chat aos usuários sob a supervisão de 20 psicólogos. Em menos de 2 meses, 1.107 intervenções foram realizadas. Espera-se que a intervenção via chat possa ser um recurso valioso durante a pandemia de COVID-19, embora estudos adicionais sejam necessários para avaliar sua viabilidade e sua efetividade.

Este artículo presenta el desarrollo e implementación de una intervención breve vía chat para dar apoyo en salud mental destinado a personas que presentan sufrimientos debido al contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19, en Brasil y Argentina. Durante la fase del desarrollo fue propuesto un protocolo que incluye: 1) detección y evaluación de necesidades; 2) educación para la salud basada en técnicas de escucha activa y 3) derivación de materiales y contactos de servicios especializados o de emergencia disponibles (ej. líneas directas de intervención en crisis). En la fase de implementación, fueron reclutados y capacitados 77 voluntarios que ofrecen contención en salud vía chat a los usuarios bajo la supervisión de 20 psicólogos. En menos de 2 meses se realizaron 1.107 intervenciones. Se espera que la intervención vía chat pueda ser un recurso valioso durante la pandemia de COVID-19, aunque se necesitan estudios adicionales para evaluar su viabilidad y efectividad.

Massive open online course for Brazilian healthcare providers working with substance use disorders: curriculum design.

BACKGROUND: Interpersonal and technical skills are required for the care of people living with substance use disorders. Considering the applicability and usability of online courses as continuing professional education initiatives, this study aimed to describe the content design process of an introductory-level healthcare-centered Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). METHODS: The content of the course was informed through needs assessment, by using three sources: (a) narrative literature review, (b) Delphi health experts panel consensus, and (c) focus groups conducted with people living with substance use disorders. The data from the empirical research phases were analyzed through qualitative Thematic Analysis. RESULTS: The product of this research project is the introductory-level Massive Open Online Course "Healthcare: Developing Relational Skills for the Assistance of People Living with Substance Use Disorders" which approaches health communication and empathetic relational professional skills as a means of reducing stigmatization of people living with substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Diverse strategies for designing distance education initiatives have to consider different views on the subject being approached in such courses. The product presented in this paper has the potential to be an educational tool for topics traditionally not addressed in Brazilian continuing education and can be used as a model to the design of online courses directed to the development of work-related skills for the healthcare professions.

Prevalence and Treatment of Tobacco Use Among Patients Being Treated for Mental Disorders / Prevalencia y Tratamiento del Uso de Tabaco Entre Pacientes de Servicios de Salud Mental / Prevalência e Tratamento do Uso de Tabaco Entre Pacientes Tratados em Serviços de Saúde Mental

Abstract: Background: People with mental disorders use tobacco as a strategy for coping with various symptoms and the side effects of prescribed medications. In addition to being harmful to their health, tobacco use also interferes with their treatment process. Objective: To examine tobacco use among patients being treated for mental disorders in a public health system in a Brazilian the city. Methods: were interviewed 362 patients being treated by the specialized services for mental health. The participants included persons who met the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders, mood (affective) disorders, or neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders. Results: The median age of participants was 46.4 years, of which 73.5% were women and 42.5% were unmarried, 37.8% smokers. Among the smokers, 82% claimed they wanted to quit smoking, and 49% made daily visits to the health center. 79.6% of the participants had tried to quit smoking previously, and of these, 84.3% had tried to do so on their own. Conclusion: Tobacco use is an important factor to be considered in developing treatment plans for people with mental disorders. It is necessary to develop strategies to help people quit smoking and train health professionals to incorporate these strategies into the treatment process.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Personas con trastornos mentales utilizan el tabaco como estrategia de afrontamiento para diversos síntomas y efectos colaterales de los medicamentos utilizados. Además de los múltiples daños causados a la salud, el uso de tabaco perjudica el tratamiento de personas con trastornos mentales. Objetivo: Caracterizar el consumo de tabaco en la población con trastorno mental en tratamiento, en la ciudad de Juiz de Fora, Brasil. Métodos: Fueron entrevistados 362 pacientes en tratamiento, en los servicios especializados en salud mental, con diagnósticos de Esquizofrenia, Trastornos Esquizotípicos y Delirantes, Trastornos del Humor (afectivos) o Trastornos Neuróticos, Trastornos Relacionado con Estrés y Trastornos Somatomorfos. Resultados: La edad promedio de los participantes fue de 46,4 años; el 73,5% eran del sexo femenino, el 42,5% eran solteros y un 37,8% eran fumadores. El 82% afirmó que les gustaría dejar de fumar y el 49% frecuentaron el servicio diariamente. Aquellos que ya intentaron parar de fumar alguna vez totalizaron el 79,6% y, de los cuales el 84,3% lo hicieron por cuenta propia. Conclusión: El consumo de tabaco es un factor importante a ser considerado en la elaboración de procedimientos terapéuticos de la población con trastornos mentales. Es necesario desarrollar intervenciones para el cese del consumo de tabaco, que puedan ser aplicados en la cotidianidad de los servicios de forma integrada.

Resumo: Antecedentes: Pessoas com transtornos mentais utilizam o tabaco como estratégia de enfrentamento para diversos sintomas e efeitos colaterais dos medicamentos utilizados. Além dos diversos prejuízos à saúde, o uso de tabaco prejudica o tratamento de pessoas com transtornos mentais. Objetivo: caracterizar o consumo de tabaco na população portadora de transtorno mental em tratamento na cidade de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Métodos: Foram entrevistados 362 pacientes em tratamento nos serviços especializados em saúde mental, com diagnósticos para Esquizofrenia, Transtornos Esquizotípicos e Delirantes, Transtornos do Humor (afetivos), ou Transtornos Neuróticos, Transtornos Relacionados ao Stress e Transtornos Somatoformes. Resultados: A idade média dos participantes foi de 46,4 anos; 73,5% eram do sexo feminino e 42,5% solteiros e 37,8% eram fumantes. 82% alegaram que gostariam de parar de fumar e 49% frequentavam o serviço diariamente. Aqueles que já tentaram parar de fumar alguma vez totalizaram 79,6% e, desses, 84,3% o fizeram por conta própria. Conclusão: O consumo de tabaco é um fator importante a ser considerado na elaboração do plano terapêutico da população com transtornos mentais. É necessário desenvolver intervenções para a cessação do consumo de tabaco que possam ser aplicadas no cotidiano dos serviços de forma integrada.

Facebook recruitment of smokers: comparing gain- and loss-framed ads for the purposes of an Internet-based smoking cessation intervention.

Gain- and loss-framed messages about smoking behavior have commonly been used to promote cessation. However, there are still no clear conclusions as to what kind of message is more effective for motivating smokers to quit. This study compared the effectiveness of loss- and gain-framed messages in the online recruitment of smokers via Facebook Advertising. Loss- and gain-framed messages about smoking were created and released as Facebook ads. Users who clicked on the ads were automatically redirected to the "Live Without Tobacco" intervention (http://www.vivasemtabaco.com.br). The amount spent on the ads was BRL 647.64. Data were collected from the Facebook Ads platform and from a relational database. Analyses were performed on the 6,350 users who clicked on one of the ads and 1,731 who were successfully redirected to the intervention. Gain-framed ads reached 174,029 people and loss-framed ads reached 180,527. The former received 2,688 clicks, while the latter received 3,662. The cost of the click was BRL 0.12 per gain-framed ad and BRL 0.09 per loss-framed ad. Loss-framed ads reached more users, got more clicks (and website accesses), and led to more accounts and quit plans being created. Loss-framed messages about smoking appear to be more cost-effective for both initial recruitment and intervention engagement. Facebook has proven to be a good outreach and recruitment tool and can be a solution for the difficulty in reaching smokers for cessation interventions.

Estimating Service Needs for Alcohol and Other Drug Users According to a Tiered Framework: The Case of the São Paulo, Brazil, Metropolitan Area.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the need for population-level services for alcohol and other drug abuse in support of local planning. METHOD: Data were drawn from a subsample of 2,942 interviewees from the São Paulo Megacity Study, which evaluated mental health in the general population (18 years and older) of residents in the São Paulo metropolitan area. This population was classified into five hierarchical categories of severity, making it possible to obtain estimates of need for services, combining evaluation criteria regarding drug and alcohol use and general and mental health comorbidities over the last 12 months. For the at-risk groups in this population, estimates from the Potential Demand for the Use of Services survey interviews over the last year were generated. RESULTS: Concerning the need for services, 86.5% of the population (Tier 1) had no problems related to drug and alcohol use, 8.9% (Tier 2) used heavily, 3.5% (Tiers 3, 4, and 5) met criteria for substance abuse disorders, among whom 1.3% (Tiers 4 and 5) require more specialized and intensive treatment and support. The following estimates for the Potential Demand for the Use of Services were found: 25.5% (Tier 3) and 51.1% (Tier 4), indicating that a significant number of individuals met criteria for substance abuse disorders but did not perceive any need for professional help or neglected the help available. CONCLUSIONS: In São Paulo there exists a large sector of the population that requires prevention strategies regarding the risks and harm resulting from alcohol and drug use, followed by a group requiring more specialized care. But a large number of substance users requiring specialized support did not use services and did not believe that they needed professional help.

Facebook recruitment of smokers: comparing gain- and loss-framed ads for the purposes of an Internet-based smoking cessation intervention / Recrutamento de fumantes através do Facebook: uma comparação de anúncios com informações positivas e negativas em uma intervenção online voltada para a cessação do tabagismo / Captación de fumadores a través de Facebook: comparación de anuncios resaltados sobre los beneficios de dejar de fumar y los perjuicios del tabaquismo para una campaña publicitaria realizada en Internet como intervención contra el tabaquismo

Abstract: Gain- and loss-framed messages about smoking behavior have commonly been used to promote cessation. However, there are still no clear conclusions as to what kind of message is more effective for motivating smokers to quit. This study compared the effectiveness of loss- and gain-framed messages in the online recruitment of smokers via Facebook Advertising. Loss- and gain-framed messages about smoking were created and released as Facebook ads. Users who clicked on the ads were automatically redirected to the "Live Without Tobacco" intervention (http://www.vivasemtabaco.com.br). The amount spent on the ads was BRL 647.64. Data were collected from the Facebook Ads platform and from a relational database. Analyses were performed on the 6,350 users who clicked on one of the ads and 1,731 who were successfully redirected to the intervention. Gain-framed ads reached 174,029 people and loss-framed ads reached 180,527. The former received 2,688 clicks, while the latter received 3,662. The cost of the click was BRL 0.12 per gain-framed ad and BRL 0.09 per loss-framed ad. Loss-framed ads reached more users, got more clicks (and website accesses), and led to more accounts and quit plans being created. Loss-framed messages about smoking appear to be more cost-effective for both initial recruitment and intervention engagement. Facebook has proven to be a good outreach and recruitment tool and can be a solution for the difficulty in reaching smokers for cessation interventions.

Resumo: A cessação do tabagismo tem sido promovida através de mensagens positivas, focadas em ganhos, e negativas, focadas em perdas. Entretanto, ainda não há conclusões claras sobre o tipo de medida mais eficaz na motivação dos fumantes para deixar de fumar. O estudo comparou a efetividade das mensagens negativas e positivas no recrutamento online de fumantes através de anúncios no Facebook. Mensagens negativas e positivas sobre o tabagismo foram criadas e divulgadas pelo Facebook Ads. Ao clicar nos anúncios, os usuários eram automaticamente direcionados para a intervenção "Viva Sem Tabaco" (http://www.vivasemtabaco.com.br). O valor gasto na divulgação foi de BRL 647,64. Os dados foram extraídos da plataforma de anúncios do Facebook e de uma base de dados relacionais. As análises foram realizadas para os 6.350 usuários que clicaram em um dos anúncios e para os 1.731 usuários que foram redirecionados para a intervenção. Os anúncios positivos atingiram 174.029 pessoas e os negativos 180.527, que foram convertidas em 2.688 e 3.662 cliques, respectivamente. O custo do clique foi de BRL 0,12 para os anúncios positivos e de BRL 0,09 para os negativos. Os anúncios negativos atingiram mais usuários, receberam mais cliques no site e tiveram maior conversão em número de contas e planos de cessação criados. As mensagens sobre as perdas associadas com o tabagismo parecem ser mais custo-eficazes, tanto no recrutamento quanto no engajamento dos fumantes na intervenção. O Facebook mostrou ser uma boa ferramenta de divulgação e recrutamento e pode ser uma solução para a dificuldade de alcançar fumantes para intervenções de cessação.

Resumen: Los anuncios resaltados sobre los efectos del tabaco se han utilizado para luchar contra el tabaquismo. No obstante, todavía no existen conclusiones claras sobre qué tipo de mensaje es el más efectivo para motivar a los fumadores a dejar este hábito. Este estudio comparó la efectividad de anuncios resaltados sobre los beneficios de dejar de fumar y otros sobre los perjuicios del tabaquismo para una campaña de captación de fumadores en línea a través de Facebook Advertising. Estos anuncios fueron creados y divulgados mediante Facebook Ads. Los usuarios que hicieron clic en los anuncios fueron automáticamente redirigidos a la intervención "Vive sin Tabaco" (http://www.vivasemtabaco.com.br). La cantidad invertida para su difusión fue BRL 647.64. Los datos se recogieron de la plataforma Facebook Ads y de una base de datos relacional. Los análisis se realizaron con 6.350 fumadores que hicieron clic en uno de los anuncios y con los 1.731 que fueron redirigidos a la intervención. Los anuncios sobre los beneficios de dejar de fumar llegaron a 174.029 personas y los relativos a los perjuicios a 180.527, que se convirtieron en 2.688 y 3.662 clics, respectivamente. El coste del clic fue BRL 0.12 para los anuncios sobre los beneficios de dejar de fumar y BRL 0.09 en el caso de los que subrayaban los perjuicios. Estos últimos alcanzaron a más usuarios, tuvieron más clics en la página web, y existió una conversión más grande entre el número de cuentas y planes creados para dejar de fumar. Asimismo, estos anuncios se muestran como más costo efectivos, tanto para la captación, como para la implicación de fumadores en esta intervención. Facebook ha demostrado ser una buena herramienta de alcance y captación y puede ser una solución para evitar la dificultad de llegar a fumadores en intervenciones de lucha contra el tabaquismo.

Barriers and Facilitators to Implement Preventive Practices to Drug Abuse / Barreiras e Facilitadores para Implementação de Práticas Preventivas ao Abuso de Drogas / Barreras y Facilitadores para la Aplicación de Prácticas Preventivas al Abuso de Drogas

Abstract In the Brazilian context, the Prevention Course to Drug Use for Public School Educators is developed. This study seeks to identify factors cited by the educators as favorable or unfavorable to the implementation of prevention projects. Data collection was carried out in three stages: in the first stage (T0), a sample consisted of 1494 course participants, in the second stage (T1), 2153 teachers participated and in the third stage (T2), 1017 educators answered the questions. Text mining techniques and content analyses were used. The results were categories proposed for the axes barriers and favorable aspects: training of school team, students and school community relationship and participation of the community and perceived dysfunctional family aspects, violence and drug trafficking, personal characteristics of adolescents and the school environment, respectively. The identification of these aspects is relevant to the development of prevention programs, allowing barriers to be anticipated and solutions to be proposed.

Resumo No contexto brasileiro, desenvolve-se o Curso de Prevenção ao Uso de Drogas para Educadores de Escolas Públicas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar fatores citados pelos educadores-cursistas como favoráveis ou desfavoráveis à implementação de projetos de prevenção. A coleta de informações foi realizada em três momentos: no primeiro momento (T0), a amostra foi composta por 1494 cursistas. No segundo momento (T1), 2153 cursistas participaram e no terceiro momento (T2), 1017 educadores responderam às questões. Foram utilizadas técnicas de mineração de texto e análise de conteúdo. Como resultados foram propostas as categorias barreiras e aspectos favoráveis, sendo essas: capacitação da equipe escolar, relação entre alunos, comunidade escolar e participação da comunidade, aspectos familiares disfuncionais, violência e tráfico de drogas, características pessoais dos adolescentes e o ambiente escolar, respectivamente. A identificação destes aspectos é relevante ao desenvolvimento de programas de prevenção, permitindo que barreiras sejam antecipadas, propondo-se soluções para elas.

Resumen En el contexto brasileño, se desarrolla el Curso de Prevención de Consumo de Drogas para Educadores Públicos. Se busca identificar los factores citados por los educadores como favorables o desfavorables para la realización de proyectos de prevención. La recolección de datos se sucedió en tres etapas: la primeira (T0), con 1494 participantes, en la segunda etapa (T1), 2153 educadores participaron y en la tercera etapa (T2), con 1017 educadores. Se utilizaron técnicas de minería de texto y análisis de contenido. Se propusieron categorías para barreras y aspectos favorables: la formación del personal escolar, relación entre estudiantes y la comunidad escolar, la participación de la comunidad y, aspectos disfuncionales de la familia, la violencia y el tráfico de drogas, las características personales de los adolescentes y el entorno escolar, respectivamente. Esta identificación es relevante para el desarrollo de programas de prevención, permitiendo que las barreras sean anticipadas, proponiéndose soluciones a ellas.

Depression among smokers of a web-based intervention to quit smoking: a cross-sectional study / Depresión entre fumadores de una intervención en línea para dejar el tabaco: un estudio transversal

Abstract: Introduction: Web-based interventions for smoking cessation are an innovative strategy to reduce the burden of smoking. Although many web-based interventions are freely available in many languages and have proven to be effective, so far no study has covered in detail the association between depression and smoking. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of depression among users of the Viva sem Tabaco, a web-based intervention for smoking cessation. Method: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. In the internet-based intervention participated 1 433. Inclusion criteria were: being 18 years or older and a smoker; exclusion criteria were: omitting to fill out two questions of the screening depression questionnaire PHQ-2 and having made multiple accesses within a limited time span, characterizing invalid access. At the end, the sample had 461 participants. Participants answered questions related to sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco history, depression (PHQ-2 and PHQ-9), alcohol use, and intervention use. Results: Participants average age was 42.3 years (SD = 12.1). Most participants were female (67%), and 70% were employed during the time of the study. From the total sample, 36.4% of the participants presented depression according to PHQ-2. Being screened with depression was associated with tobacco dependence (OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.20), and associated with not having a job (OR = .53; 95% CI = .29, .97). Discussion and conclusion: Depression may be a factor to be considered in programs that offer support to quit smoking through the internet for Portuguese Speakers.

Resumen: Introducción: Las intervenciones en línea para la interrupción del tabaquismo son una estrategia innovadora para reducir el nivel de consumo de tabaco. Aunque hay muchas intervenciones en línea gratuitas en varios idiomas que han demostrado ser eficaces, ningún estudio ha abarcado detalladamente la asociación entre depresión y tabaquismo. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de depresión entre usuarios de una intervención en línea para dejar de fumar. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal retrospectivo. 1 433 participantes fueron invitados para participar de la intervención mediada por internet. Los criterios de inclusión fueron tener 18 años o más y ser fumador; los criterios de exclusión fueron no haber marcado dos preguntas del cuestionario de detección de depresión PHQ-2 y haber realizado múltiples accesos dentro de un lapso de tiempo limitado, lo que se caracterizó como un acceso no válido. Los participantes (N = 461) respondieron a preguntas relacionadas con características sociodemográficas, historia del tabaco, depresión (PHQ-2 y PHQ-9), uso de alcohol y uso de la intervención. Resultados: De la muestra total, el 36.4% de los participantes presentaron depresión de acuerdo con el PHQ-2. La depresión se asoció con la dependencia del tabaco (OR = 1.10; 95% IC = 1.00, 1.20) y asociada con no tener un empleo (OR = .53; 95% IC = .29, .97). Discusión y conclusión: La depresión es un factor que se debe considerar en los programas que ofrecen apoyo para dejar de fumar a través de Internet para hablantes de portugués.

Uso de mensagens de celular para cessação do tabagismo: revisão sistemática / Use of cell phone messages for smoking cessation: a systematic review / Uso de mensajes de móvil para dejar de fumar: una revisión sistemática

Formas inovadoras de tecnologias de comunicação, como a internet e o uso de celular, são cada vez mais utilizadas para ajudar fumantes a parar de fumar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre o uso de mensagens de celular como forma de intervenção para pessoas que desejam parar de fumar. Pesquisas foram conduzidas nas bases de dados PubMed, Psychinfo, Scielo e Pepsic. Palavras-chave incluíram: ["tobacco use cessation" OR"tobacco use disorder"] AND ["intervention studies" OR "clinical trial" OR "evaluation studies"] AND ["text messaging"]. Os critérios de seleção dos estudos foram: 1) abordarem o tema mensagens de texto de celular para o tratamento do tabagismo; 2) ser um estudo clínico; 3) artigos científicos com textos completos disponíveis em bases de dados e 4) estar nos idiomas português, espanhol ou inglês. Entre os 23 estudos encontrados, sete preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Em seis dos sete estudos encontrados o envio de mensagens de celular foi a intervenção mais eficaz. Intervenções baseadas no envio de mensagens de celular são uma estratégia complementar ao tratamento do tabagismo que podem contribuir para a cessação tabágica. A inclusão de apenas três idiomas foi uma limitação dessa revisão

Innovative forms of communication technologies such as Internet and mobile phone are increasingly being used to provide information and support to smokers who want to quit. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review about the use of mobile text messaging as an intervention for people who want to quit smoking and the possible effects of this intervention on tobacco control. Searches were conducted on PubMed, PsycInfo, Scielo and Pepsic. Search terms included: ["tobacco use cessation" OR "tobacco use disorder"] AND ["interventions studies" OR "clinical trial" OR "evaluation studies"] AND ["text messaging"]. The selection criteria were: 1) addressing the subject of mobile text messages for smoking treatment; 2) being a clinical trial; 3) scientific articles with full text available in databases and 4) being in Portuguese, Spanish or English. Among the 23 studies found, 7 met the inclusion criteria. In 6 of the 7 studies found, sending mobile messages was the most effective intervention. Interventions based on mobile text message can become an important tool to increase prevalence of smoking cessation. The inclusion of only three languages was a limitation of this review

Formas innovadoras de tecnologías de la comunicación, como Internet y el uso del teléfono móvil, se utilizan cada vez más para ayudar a los fumadores a dejar de fumar. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión sistemática el uso de envío de mensajes de textos como una intervención para las personas que desean dejar de fumar. Se realizaron encuestas en las bases de datos PubMed, PsychINFO, Scielo y Pepsic. Palabras clave incluyen: ["tobacco use cessation" OR "tobacco use disorder"] AND ["intervention studies" OR"clinical trial" OR "evaluation studies"] AND ["text messaging"]. Los criterios de selección del estudio fueron: 1) abordar el tema de los mensajes de texto móviles para el tratamiento del tabaquismo; 2) ser un estudio clínico; 3) artículos científicos con texto completo disponible en las bases de datos y 4) estar en los idiomas: portugués, español o inglés. Entre los 23 estudios encontrados, siete cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. En 6 de los 7 estudios encontrados envío de mensajes móviles fue la intervención más eficaz. Intervenciones basadas en el envío de mensajes móviles son una estrategia complementaria para el tratamiento del tabaquismo que puede contribuir a dejar de fumar. La inclusión de sólo tres idiomas fue una limitación de esta revisión.

Prevalence and correlates of light and non-daily smoking in Brazil: Results from a nationwide representative survey.

BACKGROUND: The research of light (≤10 cigarettes per day) and non-daily smokers in developing countries including Brazil is scarce despite the high prevalence of these groups among smokers and health risks associated to low-level smoking. OBJECTIVE: To describe health and smoking characteristics of Brazilian adult light and non-daily smokers. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Research survey (n=48,282). RESULTS: The prevalence of current manufactured cigarette smoking in the total sample was 12.4%. Among these smokers, 12.8% were non-daily smokers (NDS), 47.4% were light smokers (LS) and 39.8% were moderate/heavy smokers (MHS). Bivariate analysis showed that non-daily smoking was associated with higher odds of poor self-rated health, binge drinking and lung diseases compared to never smokers (ORs=1.2; 5.9 and 1.9). Light smoking was associated with higher odds of poor self-rated health, binge drinking, depression, use of sleeping pills and lung diseases (ORs=1.3; 4.3; 1.4; 1.2 and 2.0). After controlling for sex and age, non-daily smoking was associated with lung disease (OR=2.2) and light smoking with depression and lung diseases (ORs=1.3 and 1.8). Smoking levels were associated with living with same-level smokers in bivariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: A large proportion of smokers in Brazil are light and non-daily smokers, carrying substantial health risks related to tobacco use. Longitudinal research is needed to provide further evidence of associations found in this study. Public health policies must take the different smoking patterns into consideration to effectively target all smokers and reduce the harmful consequences of tobacco worldwide.

A review of smartphone apps for smoking cessation available in Portuguese. / Revisão dos aplicativos de smartphones para cessação do tabagismo disponíveis em língua portuguesa.

Smartphone apps are being developed as a complement to smoking cessation treatment. The current study aimed to analyze the content of available apps in Portuguese in two operational systems, Android and iOS. Fifty-one apps were found in iTunes and 600 in Google Play. Content evaluation included apps that focused on smoking cessation, with a total of 12 apps in iOS and 3 in Android. Each app was categorized according to its approach to smoking cessation and scored according to level of adherence to the Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence smoking cessation treatment guideline. Nine apps were classified as calendars, 8 as information tools, 6 as calculators, 3 as cigarette trackers, and 1 as hypnosis. The apps showed low level of adherence to the guideline, with a mean score of 12.8. We recommend that the available apps be revised and that future apps be developed using evidence-based practices for smoking cessation.

Revisão dos aplicativos de smartphones para cessação do tabagismo disponíveis em língua portuguesa / Revisión de aplicaciones de smartphones para dejar de fumar en portugués / A review of smartphone apps for smoking cessation available in Portuguese

Resumo: Aplicativos de smartphones estão sendo desenvolvidos como uma forma complementar ao tratamento do tabagismo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o conteúdo de aplicativos disponíveis na língua portuguesa em dois sistemas operacionais: Android e iOS. Cinquenta e um aplicativos foram encontrados no iTunes e 600 no Google Play. Foram incluídos na avaliação do conteúdo aqueles aplicativos que tivessem como foco a cessação do tabagismo, com um total de 12 no iOS e 3 no Android. Cada aplicativo foi categorizado por meio da sua abordagem na cessação de tabagismo e pontuado de acordo com o seu nível de aderência às diretrizes de tratamento de tabagismo do Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Em relação às categorias, 9 foram classificados como calendário, 8 como informativo, 6 como calculadora, 3 como medidor de cigarros fumados e 1 como hipnose. Os aplicativos apresentaram baixo nível de aderência às diretrizes, com uma média de 12,8. Recomenda-se que os aplicativos disponíveis sejam revisados e que futuros aplicativos sejam desenvolvidos utilizando práticas baseadas em evidência para a cessação do tabagismo.

Resumen: Aplicaciones para smartphones se están desarrollando como un complemento al tratamiento del tabaquismo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el contenido de aplicaciones disponibles en el idioma portugués en dos sistemas operativos: Android y iOS. Cincuenta y un aplicaciones fueron encuentradas en iTunes y 600 en Google Play. Se incluyeron en la evaluación las aplicaciones que se han centrado en dejar de fumar, con un total de 12 en iOS y 3 en Android. Se clasificó cada aplicación de acuerdo a su enfoque para el abandono del hábito de fumar y se anotó de acuerdo con el nivel de adherencia a la guía de tratamiento del Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Nueve aplicaciones se clasificaron como calendarios, 8 como herramientas de información, 6 como calculadoras, 3 como seguidores de cigarrillos y 1 como hipnosis. Las aplicaciones mostraron un bajo nivel de adherencia a la guía de tratamiento, con una puntuación media de 12,8. Recomendamos que se revisen las aplicaciones disponibles y que las aplicaciones futuras se desarrollen utilizando prácticas basadas en la evidencia para dejar de fumar.

Abstract: Smartphone apps are being developed as a complement to smoking cessation treatment. The current study aimed to analyze the content of available apps in Portuguese in two operational systems, Android and iOS. Fifty-one apps were found in iTunes and 600 in Google Play. Content evaluation included apps that focused on smoking cessation, with a total of 12 apps in iOS and 3 in Android. Each app was categorized according to its approach to smoking cessation and scored according to level of adherence to the Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence smoking cessation treatment guideline. Nine apps were classified as calendars, 8 as information tools, 6 as calculators, 3 as cigarette trackers, and 1 as hypnosis. The apps showed low level of adherence to the guideline, with a mean score of 12.8. We recommend that the available apps be revised and that future apps be developed using evidence-based practices for smoking cessation.

Curso de prevenção ao uso de drogas: Descrição e avaliação de satisfação / Drug abuse prevention course: Description and evaluation of satisfaction / Curso de prevención del consumo de drogas: Descripción y evaluación de satisfacción

Resumo Diante do cenário de uso de substâncias por crianças e adolescentes, é relevante implementar ações de prevenção no ambiente escolar. Dentre elas, cita-se a utilização de cursos online para capacitar os diversos atores que podem ser protagonistas das atividades propostas. O presente estudo apresentou e avaliou o Curso de Prevenção do Uso de Drogas para Educadores de Escolas Públicas. Participaram 4.960 educadores de Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e Paraná e foram investigadas as características sociodemográficas destes, além da avaliação de aspectos de satisfação com o curso e sobre o acesso às ferramentas virtuais de aprendizagem. O perfil dos participantes foi composto predominantemente por mulheres (85,8%) com pós-graduação (64,8%) e 35,2% afirmaram possuir contato com a temática álcool e drogas no contexto escolar. A maioria dos participantes aprovou o curso (98,1%), indicando que o método de ensino e estratégias utilizados se mostraram adequados ao público capacitado.

Abstract Considering the substance use by children and adolescents, it is important to implement preventive actions in the school environment. Among them, there is the use of online courses to train the various actors who can be protagonists of the planed activities. This study presented and evaluated the Drug Use Prevention Course for Public School Educators. A total of 4,960 educators from Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and Paraná participated and the sociodemographic characteristics of these, in addition to evaluation of aspects of satisfaction with the course and access to virtual learning tools were investigated. The profile of the participants was predominantly composed of women (85.8%) with a postgraduate degree (64.8%) and 35.2% reported having contact with the alcohol and drugs theme in the school context. Most participants approved the course (98.1%), indicating that the teaching method and strategies used were suitable to the qualified public.

Resumen En el contexto del uso de sustancias por niños y adolescentes, es importante implementar acciones preventivas en el ámbito escolar. En este estudio se presentó y evaluó el Curso de Prevención del uso de drogas a Educadores de Escuelas Públicas. En total participaron 4960 educadores de Minas Gerais, Río de Janeiro y Paraná. La investigación se centró en: las características sociodemográficas de estos, la evaluación y el nivel de satisfacción con el curso; y el acceso a las herramientas virtuales de aprendizaje. El perfil de los participantes estaba compuesto predominantemente por mujeres (85,8%) con un título de postgrado (64,8%). El 35,2% informó "haber desarrollado el tema de alcohol y otras drogas en el contexto escolar. La mayoría de los participantes aprobaron el curso (98,1%), lo que indica que el método de enseñanza y las estrategias utilizadas fueron adecuados para el público especializado.

Web-based self-help intervention reduces alcohol consumption in both heavy-drinking and dependent alcohol users: A pilot study.

As part of a multicenter project supported by the World Health Organization, we developed a web-based intervention to reduce alcohol use and related problems. We evaluated the predictors of adherence to, and the outcomes of the intervention. Success was defined as a reduction in consumption to low risk levels or to <50% of the baseline levels of number of drinks. From the 32,401 people who accessed the site, 3389 registered and 929 completed the full Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a necessary condition to be considered eligible to take part in the intervention. Based on their AUDIT scores, these participants were classified into: low risk users (LRU; n=319) harmful/hazardous users (HHU; n=298) or suggestive of dependence users (SDU; n=312). 29.1% of the registered users (LRU=42; HHU=90; SDU=82) completed the evaluation form at the end of the six-week period, and 63.5% reported low-risk drinking levels. We observed a significant reduction in alcohol consumption in the HHU (62.5%) and SDU (64.5%) groups in relation to baseline. One month after the intervention, in the follow-up, 94 users filled out the evaluation form, and their rate of success was similar to the one observed in the previous evaluation. Logistic regression analyses indicated that HHU participants presented higher adherence than LRU. Despite a relatively low adherence to the program, its good outcomes and low cost, as well as the high number of people that can be reached by a web-based intervention, suggest it has good cost-effectiveness.

Social distance toward people with substance dependence: a survey among health professionals / La distancia social de las personas con dependencia de sustancias: una encuesta entre los profesionales de la salud

The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with social distance toward people with substance dependence among health professionals. A hundred and eighty-three health professionals from Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil, were interviewed using structured questionnaires with vignettes. The vignettes assessed emotional reactions generated by alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine dependents. Belief in recovery and perception of dangerousness were significantly associated with social distance toward people with cocaine and marijuana dependence. Only belief in recovery was significant with alcohol dependence. This study provides preliminary data on factors related to the desire for social distance among health professionals, improving the understanding of stigmatization, and the development of research and training in the area.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los factores asociados con la distancia social hacia las personas con dependencia de sustancias entre los profesionales de la salud . Ciento ochenta y tres profesionales de la salud de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais - Brasil fueron entrevistados mediante un cuestionario estructurado con viñetas . Las viñetas evaluaron las reacciones emocionales generados por el alcohol, marihuana y cocaína dependientes . La creencia en la recuperación y la percepción de peligrosidad fueron significativos asociados con la distancia social hacia las personas con dependencia de la cocaína y la marihuana . Sólo la fe en la recuperación fue significativa con la dependencia del alcohol . Este estudio muestra los datos preliminares sobre los factores relacionados con el deseo de distancia social entre los profesionales de la salud , la mejora de la comprensión de la estigmatización y el desarrollo de la investigación y la formación en el área.(AU)

Social distance toward people with substance dependence: a survey among health professionals / La distancia social de las personas con dependencia de sustancias: una encuesta entre los profesionales de la salud

The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with social distance toward people with substance dependence among health professionals. A hundred and eighty-three health professionals from Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil, were interviewed using structured questionnaires with vignettes. The vignettes assessed emotional reactions generated by alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine dependents. Belief in recovery and perception of dangerousness were significantly associated with social distance toward people with cocaine and marijuana dependence. Only belief in recovery was significant with alcohol dependence. This study provides preliminary data on factors related to the desire for social distance among health professionals, improving the understanding of stigmatization, and the development of research and training in the area.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los factores asociados con la distancia social hacia las personas con dependencia de sustancias entre los profesionales de la salud . Ciento ochenta y tres profesionales de la salud de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais - Brasil fueron entrevistados mediante un cuestionario estructurado con viñetas . Las viñetas evaluaron las reacciones emocionales generados por el alcohol, marihuana y cocaína dependientes . La creencia en la recuperación y la percepción de peligrosidad fueron significativos asociados con la distancia social hacia las personas con dependencia de la cocaína y la marihuana . Sólo la fe en la recuperación fue significativa con la dependencia del alcohol . Este estudio muestra los datos preliminares sobre los factores relacionados con el deseo de distancia social entre los profesionales de la salud , la mejora de la comprensión de la estigmatización y el desarrollo de la investigación y la formación en el área.

Capacitação em álcool e outras drogas para profissionais da saúde e assistência social: relato de experiência / Training on alcohol and other drugs for health and social care professionals: report on experience / Capacitación sobre alcohol y otras drogas para profesionales de la salud y asistencia social: relato de experiencia

Como alternativa ao panorama deficitário de formação profissional para atuação na área do uso de álcool e outras drogas, e visando à incorporação de mudanças práticas, são criados os Centros Regionais de Referência sobre Drogas (CRRs). Faz-se necessário compreender e refletir sobre o papel dos CRRs nos cenários de formação e atuação sobre a temática. A partir disso, o presente artigo pretende discutir aspectos sobre a capacitação de profissionais do Sistema Único de Saúde e Assistência Social, por meio do relato de experiência de um CRR de Minas Gerais. A implantação do presente CRR possibilitou a qualificação de profissionais em direção a abordagens integrais e reflexivas sobre a temática. Contudo, são necessárias reformulações sobre o seu modelo, com uma posição mais bem definida e atuante dentro das políticas sobre drogas, garantindo continuidade nas ações e auxiliando na reformulação das práticas.

As an alternative to the deficient área of professional education for working on alcohol and other drug use in Brazil, and in order to incorporate changes in practices, Regional Reference Centers for Drugs (CRRs) have been created. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and reflect on the role of CRRs within the scenario of education and action in this field. This paper aimed to discuss aspects of the education process for professionals in the Brazilian Health System and Social Assistance System, through a report on experience from a CRR in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The implementation of this CRR enabled education for professionals towards comprehensive and reflective approaches in this field. However, reformulations of the CRR model are needed, with a better-defined and more active position within drug policies, so a to ensure continuity of actions and aid in reformulation of practices.

Como alternativa al panorama deficitario de formación profesional para la actuación en el área del uso de alcohol y de otras drogas y con el objetivo de la incorporación de cambios prácticos, se crearon los Centros Regionales de Referencia sobre Drogas (CRRs). Por lo tanto, resulta necesario comprender y reflexionar sobre el papel de los CRRs en los escenarios de formación y actuación sobre la temática. A partir de esa base, este artículo tiene el objetivo de discutir aspectos sobre la capacitación de profesionales de los Sistemas Únicos de Salud y de Asistencia Social, por medio del relato de experiencia de un CRR del estado de Minas Gerais. La implantación del presente CRR posibilitó la calificación de profesionales en dirección para abordajes integrales y reflexivos sobre la temática. No obstante, son necesarias reformulaciones sobre su modelo, con una posición mejor definida y actuante dentro de las políticas sobre drogas, asegurando continuidad en las acciones y auxiliando en la reformulación de las prácticas.